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wsgzao
V2EX  ›  Python

macOS 使用 pyenv 安装和管理多个 Python 版本

  •  
  •   wsgzao ·
    wsgzao · 2018-12-17 16:09:53 +08:00 · 1973 次点击
    这是一个创建于 2193 天前的主题,其中的信息可能已经有所发展或是发生改变。

    前言

    目前 Python 同时更新与维护 Python2 和 Python3,选择 Python2 还是选择 Python3,取决于当前要使用的库、框架支持哪个版本,所以经常会遇到切换版本的情况。那么 macOS 下应该怎样有效的更改呢?很多小伙伴一定会想到修改环境变量,指定 Python 的默认路径,这样当然可以,然而不够优雅。那么怎样的方法才算优雅呢?当然是一条命令了。这里通过 brew 安装 pyenv,再用 pyenv 安装管理 Python。

    macOS 使用 pyenv 安装和管理多个 Python 版本

    更新历史

    2018 年 12 月 16 日 - 初稿

    阅读原文 - https://wsgzao.github.io/post/macos-pyenv/

    扩展阅读

    pyenv - https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv


    pyenv 简介

    pyenv lets you easily switch between multiple versions of Python. It's simple, unobtrusive, and follows the UNIX tradition of single-purpose tools that do one thing well.

    This project was forked from rbenv and ruby-build, and modified for Python.

    Terminal output example

    pyenv does...

    • Let you change the global Python version on a per-user basis.
    • Provide support for per-project Python versions.
    • Allow you to override the Python version with an environment variable.
    • Search commands from multiple versions of Python at a time. This may be helpful to test across Python versions with tox.

    In contrast with pythonbrew and pythonz, pyenv does not...

    • Depend on Python itself. pyenv was made from pure shell scripts. There is no bootstrap problem of Python.
    • Need to be loaded into your shell. Instead, pyenv's shim approach works by adding a directory to your $PATH.
    • Manage virtualenv. Of course, you can create virtualenv yourself, or pyenv-virtualenv to automate the process.

    安装 pyenv

    Homebrew 是 macOS 下非常高效的命令行软件包管理器,mac 必安装工具之一

    # 安装 homebrew
    /usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
    brew -v
    Homebrew 1.8.5
    Homebrew/homebrew-core (git revision 497ca; last commit 2018-12-16)
    Homebrew/homebrew-cask (git revision 8be7c; last commit 2018-12-17)
    
    # 安装 pyenv
    brew update
    brew install pyenv
    pyenv -v
    pyenv 1.2.8
    
    # 安装管理多个 Python
    pyenv install --list
    Available versions:
      2.1.3
      2.2.3
      2.3.7
      2.4
      2.4.1
      2.4.2
      2.4.3
      2.4.4
      2.4.5
      2.4.6
      2.5
      2.5.1
      2.5.2
      2.5.3
      2.5.4
      2.5.5
      2.5.6
      2.6.6
      2.6.7
      2.6.8
      2.6.9
      2.7-dev
      2.7
      2.7.1
      2.7.2
      2.7.3
      2.7.4
      2.7.5
      2.7.6
      2.7.7
      2.7.8
      2.7.9
      2.7.10
      2.7.11
      2.7.12
      2.7.13
      2.7.14
      2.7.15
      3.0.1
      3.1
      3.1.1
      3.1.2
      3.1.3
      3.1.4
      3.1.5
      3.2
      3.2.1
      3.2.2
      3.2.3
      3.2.4
      3.2.5
      3.2.6
      3.3.0
      3.3.1
      3.3.2
      3.3.3
      3.3.4
      3.3.5
      3.3.6
      3.3.7
      3.4.0
      3.4-dev
      3.4.1
      3.4.2
      3.4.3
      3.4.4
      3.4.5
      3.4.6
      3.4.7
      3.4.8
      3.4.9
      3.5.0
      3.5-dev
      3.5.1
      3.5.2
      3.5.3
      3.5.4
      3.5.5
      3.5.6
      3.6.0
      3.6-dev
      3.6.1
      3.6.2
      3.6.3
      3.6.4
      3.6.5
      3.6.6
      3.6.7
      3.7.0
      3.7-dev
      3.7.1
      3.8-dev
      activepython-2.7.14
      activepython-3.5.4
      activepython-3.6.0
      anaconda-1.4.0
      anaconda-1.5.0
      anaconda-1.5.1
      anaconda-1.6.0
      anaconda-1.6.1
      anaconda-1.7.0
      anaconda-1.8.0
      anaconda-1.9.0
      anaconda-1.9.1
      anaconda-1.9.2
      anaconda-2.0.0
      anaconda-2.0.1
      anaconda-2.1.0
      anaconda-2.2.0
      anaconda-2.3.0
      anaconda-2.4.0
      anaconda-4.0.0
      anaconda2-2.4.0
      anaconda2-2.4.1
      anaconda2-2.5.0
      anaconda2-4.0.0
      anaconda2-4.1.0
      anaconda2-4.1.1
      anaconda2-4.2.0
      anaconda2-4.3.0
      anaconda2-4.3.1
      anaconda2-4.4.0
      anaconda2-5.0.0
      anaconda2-5.0.1
      anaconda2-5.1.0
      anaconda2-5.2.0
      anaconda2-5.3.0
      anaconda3-2.0.0
      anaconda3-2.0.1
      anaconda3-2.1.0
      anaconda3-2.2.0
      anaconda3-2.3.0
      anaconda3-2.4.0
      anaconda3-2.4.1
      anaconda3-2.5.0
      anaconda3-4.0.0
      anaconda3-4.1.0
      anaconda3-4.1.1
      anaconda3-4.2.0
      anaconda3-4.3.0
      anaconda3-4.3.1
      anaconda3-4.4.0
      anaconda3-5.0.0
      anaconda3-5.0.1
      anaconda3-5.1.0
      anaconda3-5.2.0
      anaconda3-5.3.0
      ironpython-dev
      ironpython-2.7.4
      ironpython-2.7.5
      ironpython-2.7.6.3
      ironpython-2.7.7
      jython-dev
      jython-2.5.0
      jython-2.5-dev
      jython-2.5.1
      jython-2.5.2
      jython-2.5.3
      jython-2.5.4-rc1
      jython-2.7.0
      jython-2.7.1
      micropython-dev
      micropython-1.9.3
      micropython-1.9.4
      miniconda-latest
      miniconda-2.2.2
      miniconda-3.0.0
      miniconda-3.0.4
      miniconda-3.0.5
      miniconda-3.3.0
      miniconda-3.4.2
      miniconda-3.7.0
      miniconda-3.8.3
      miniconda-3.9.1
      miniconda-3.10.1
      miniconda-3.16.0
      miniconda-3.18.3
      miniconda2-latest
      miniconda2-3.18.3
      miniconda2-3.19.0
      miniconda2-4.0.5
      miniconda2-4.1.11
      miniconda2-4.3.14
      miniconda2-4.3.21
      miniconda2-4.3.27
      miniconda2-4.3.30
      miniconda3-latest
      miniconda3-2.2.2
      miniconda3-3.0.0
      miniconda3-3.0.4
      miniconda3-3.0.5
      miniconda3-3.3.0
      miniconda3-3.4.2
      miniconda3-3.7.0
      miniconda3-3.8.3
      miniconda3-3.9.1
      miniconda3-3.10.1
      miniconda3-3.16.0
      miniconda3-3.18.3
      miniconda3-3.19.0
      miniconda3-4.0.5
      miniconda3-4.1.11
      miniconda3-4.2.12
      miniconda3-4.3.11
      miniconda3-4.3.14
      miniconda3-4.3.21
      miniconda3-4.3.27
      miniconda3-4.3.30
      pypy-c-jit-latest
      pypy-c-nojit-latest
      pypy-dev
      pypy-stm-2.3
      pypy-stm-2.5.1
      pypy-1.5-src
      pypy-1.5
      pypy-1.6
      pypy-1.7
      pypy-1.8
      pypy-1.9
      pypy-2.0-src
      pypy-2.0
      pypy-2.0.1-src
      pypy-2.0.1
      pypy-2.0.2-src
      pypy-2.0.2
      pypy-2.1-src
      pypy-2.1
      pypy-2.2-src
      pypy-2.2
      pypy-2.2.1-src
      pypy-2.2.1
      pypy-2.3-src
      pypy-2.3
      pypy-2.3.1-src
      pypy-2.3.1
      pypy-2.4.0-src
      pypy-2.4.0
      pypy-2.5.0-src
      pypy-2.5.0
      pypy-2.5.1-src
      pypy-2.5.1
      pypy-2.6.0-src
      pypy-2.6.0
      pypy-2.6.1-src
      pypy-2.6.1
      pypy-4.0.0-src
      pypy-4.0.0
      pypy-4.0.1-src
      pypy-4.0.1
      pypy-5.0.0-src
      pypy-5.0.0
      pypy-5.0.1-src
      pypy-5.0.1
      pypy-5.1-src
      pypy-5.1
      pypy-5.1.1-src
      pypy-5.1.1
      pypy-5.3-src
      pypy-5.3
      pypy-5.3.1-src
      pypy-5.3.1
      pypy-5.4-src
      pypy-5.4
      pypy-5.4.1-src
      pypy-5.4.1
      pypy-5.6.0-src
      pypy-5.6.0
      pypy-5.7.0-src
      pypy-5.7.0
      pypy-5.7.1-src
      pypy-5.7.1
      pypy2-5.3-src
      pypy2-5.3
      pypy2-5.3.1-src
      pypy2-5.3.1
      pypy2-5.4-src
      pypy2-5.4
      pypy2-5.4.1-src
      pypy2-5.4.1
      pypy2-5.6.0-src
      pypy2-5.6.0
      pypy2-5.7.0-src
      pypy2-5.7.0
      pypy2-5.7.1-src
      pypy2-5.7.1
      pypy2.7-5.8.0-src
      pypy2.7-5.8.0
      pypy2.7-5.9.0-src
      pypy2.7-5.9.0
      pypy2.7-5.10.0-src
      pypy2.7-5.10.0
      pypy2.7-6.0.0-src
      pypy2.7-6.0.0
      pypy3-dev
      pypy3-2.3.1-src
      pypy3-2.3.1
      pypy3-2.4.0-src
      pypy3-2.4.0
      pypy3.3-5.2-alpha1-src
      pypy3.3-5.2-alpha1
      pypy3.3-5.5-alpha-src
      pypy3.3-5.5-alpha
      pypy3.5-c-jit-latest
      pypy3.5-5.7-beta-src
      pypy3.5-5.7-beta
      pypy3.5-5.7.1-beta-src
      pypy3.5-5.7.1-beta
      pypy3.5-5.8.0-src
      pypy3.5-5.8.0
      pypy3.5-5.9.0-src
      pypy3.5-5.9.0
      pypy3.5-5.10.0-src
      pypy3.5-5.10.0
      pypy3.5-5.10.1-src
      pypy3.5-5.10.1
      pypy3.5-6.0.0-src
      pypy3.5-6.0.0
      pyston-0.5.1
      pyston-0.6.0
      pyston-0.6.1
      stackless-dev
      stackless-2.7-dev
      stackless-2.7.2
      stackless-2.7.3
      stackless-2.7.4
      stackless-2.7.5
      stackless-2.7.6
      stackless-2.7.7
      stackless-2.7.8
      stackless-2.7.9
      stackless-2.7.10
      stackless-2.7.11
      stackless-2.7.12
      stackless-2.7.14
      stackless-3.2.2
      stackless-3.2.5
      stackless-3.3.5
      stackless-3.3.7
      stackless-3.4-dev
      stackless-3.4.1
      stackless-3.4.2
      stackless-3.4.7
      stackless-3.5.4
    
    # 选择 Python 所需版本
    pyenv install 2.7.15
    pyenv install 3.6.7
    
    # 初始化
    pyenv init
    # Load pyenv automatically by appending
    # the following to ~/.zshrc:
    
    eval "$(pyenv init -)"
    
    # 重启 zsh
    exec "$SHELL"
    
    # 切换版本
    pyenv global 2.7.15
    pyenv shell 3.6.7
    
    # 查看版本
    pyenv versions
      system
      2.7.15
    * 3.6.7 (set by PYENV_VERSION environment variable)
    
    # pyenv 常用的命令说明
    
    使用方式: pyenv <命令> [<参数>]
    
    命令:
       commands    查看所有命令
       local       设置或显示本地的 Python 版本
       global      设置或显示全局 Python 版本
       shell       设置或显示 shell 指定的 Python 版本
       install     安装指定 Python 版本
       uninstall   卸载指定 Python 版本)
       version     显示当前的 Python 版本及其本地路径
       versions    查看所有已经安装的版本
       which       显示安装路径
    
    pyenv
    pyenv 1.2.8
    Usage: pyenv <command> [<args>]
    
    Some useful pyenv commands are:
       commands    List all available pyenv commands
       local       Set or show the local application-specific Python version
       global      Set or show the global Python version
       shell       Set or show the shell-specific Python version
       install     Install a Python version using python-build
       uninstall   Uninstall a specific Python version
       rehash      Rehash pyenv shims (run this after installing executables)
       version     Show the current Python version and its origin
       versions    List all Python versions available to pyenv
       which       Display the full path to an executable
       whence      List all Python versions that contain the given executable
    
    See `pyenv help <command>' for information on a specific command.
    For full documentation, see: https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv#readme
    
    

    Mac 中安装 PySpider

    在 PySpider 支持 Python3.7 之前只能暂时降级 Python

    # 使用 pyenv 切换 python 版本
    brew install pyenv
    pyenv install 3.6.7
    pyenv shell 3.6.7
    
    # 创建 PySpider 虚拟环境
    mkdir pyspider
    cd pyspider
    python -m venv venv
    source venv/bin/active
    pip install pyspider
    
    # 安装期间出现 SSL 或 pycurl 错误
    __main__.ConfigurationError: Curl is configured to use SSL, but we have not been able to determine which SSL backend it is using. Please see PycURL documentation for how to specify the SSL backend manually.
    
    # 解决方法
    pip uninstall pycurl
    export PYCURL_SSL_LIBRARY=openssl
    export LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib;export CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include;pip install pycurl --compile --no-cache-dir
    
    # 重新安装并运行 pyspider
    pip install pyspider
    
    pyspider
    [W 181217 15:23:35 run:413] phantomjs not found, continue running without it.
    [I 181217 15:23:37 result_worker:49] result_worker starting...
    [I 181217 15:23:37 processor:211] processor starting...
    [I 181217 15:23:37 tornado_fetcher:638] fetcher starting...
    [I 181217 15:23:37 scheduler:647] scheduler starting...
    [I 181217 15:23:37 scheduler:782] scheduler.xmlrpc listening on 127.0.0.1:23333
    [I 181217 15:23:37 scheduler:586] in 5m: new:0,success:0,retry:0,failed:0
    [I 181217 15:23:37 app:76] webui running on 0.0.0.0:5000
    
    
    2 条回复    2018-12-18 11:08:22 +08:00
    chuhades
        1
    chuhades  
       2018-12-18 10:46:54 +08:00
    pipenv 了解一下
    wsgzao
        2
    wsgzao  
    OP
       2018-12-18 11:08:22 +08:00
    @chuhades #1 windows 之前采纳了,macOS 只是做了测试,后续有空再试试
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